In the past decade, there have been tremendous strides in both the large-scale generation of phenotypic data with the advent of electronic health record (EHR) systems and the availability of novel computational tools and resources to analyze this highly correlated unstructured “noisy data.” These advanced statistical methods, tools, and resources are collectively named as “machine learning.” Machine learning, which itself is a subset of a broader universe of computational learning of artificial intelligence (AI), is now embedded in many aspects of our daily life, including social media, e-commerce, and various other applications.