In late 2017, the 7 regional contractors responsible for paying dialysis claims in Medicare proposed new payment rules that would restrict payment for hemodialysis treatments in excess of 3 weekly to exceptional acute-care circumstances. Frequent hemodialysis is performed more frequently than the traditional thrice-weekly pattern, and many stakeholders—patients, providers, dialysis machine manufacturers, and others—have expressed concern that these payment rules will inhibit the growth of this treatment modality’s use among US dialysis patients.