Reliability and Utility of the Surprise Question in CKD Stages 4 to 5
Prognostic uncertainty is one barrier to engaging in goals-of-care discussions in chronic kidney disease (CKD). The surprise question (“Would you be surprised if this patient died in the next 12 months?”) is a tool to assist in prognostication. However, it has not been studied in non−dialysis-dependent CKD and its reliability is unknown.