Renal transplant recipients (RTR) suffer high rates of bone loss and increased risk of fracture. Marine n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA), found mainly in fish and seafood, may have beneficial effects on bone and are positively associated with bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy elderly. The aim of this study was to investigate if this association prevails despite the more complex causes of bone loss in RTR.