High-Energy Low-Protein Formula Plus Low-Protein Diet Improves Subjective Global Assessment-Defined Nutritional Status in Non-Dialysis Chronic Kidney Disease: An Open-Label Randomized Trial

Protein-energy wasting is common in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and maintaining adequate energy intake while counseling patients toward a low-protein diet (LPD) remains challenging. We evaluated whether adding a kidney-specific high-energy, low-protein formula containing free amino acids, dietary fiber, vitamins, and minerals to dietitian-led counseling improved nutritional status in non-dialysis CKD stages 3–5.