Africa is home to more than 1.4 billion people and has a predominantly young yet rapidly urbanizing population that is undergoing a profound epidemiological transition. In recent years, chronic kidney disease (CKD) has emerged as a major global public health challenge that disproportionately affects low- and middle-income countries. Existing estimates of the prevalence of CKD in sub-Saharan Africa vary widely; the burden is driven by a complex interplay of risk factors, including hypertension, diabetes, primary glomerular diseases, and infections such as HIV—compounded by environmental exposures and adverse social determinants of health.