Individuals are increasingly exposed to a diverse array of chemicals through the environment, consumer products, and occupational settings. These exposures, often involving substances with unknown or emerging implications for human health, may pose significant kidney health risks, since many are processed by the kidneys and excreted in the urine. Kidneys are particularly vulnerable to injury from inorganic chemicals, such as lead, cadmium, and mercury, which originate from geogenic sources, but whose exposures are multiplied by anthropogenic activities.