Family History of Kidney Failure, APOL1 Risk Variants, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of CKD Progression: Findings From the CRIC Study

Kidney disease is often clustered within families, including Black families, which could be due in part to shared adverse social determinants of health (SDoHs) and/or genetic factors. We hypothesize that the association between family history of kidney failure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is largely attenuated when adjusting for adverse SDoHs and apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk allele.