Family History of Kidney Failure, APOL-1 Risk Variants, Social Determinants of Health, and Risk of CKD Progression: Findings From the CRIC Study

Kidney disease is often clustered within families, including Black families, and could be due in part to shared adverse social determinants of health (SDoH) and/or genetic factors. We hypothesize that the association between family history of kidney failure and chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression is largely attenuated when adjusting for adverse SDoH and apolipoprotein L1 (APOL1) risk allele.