Progressive multifocal leukoencephalopathy (PML) is a rare opportunistic infection caused by the JC virus1, leading to death within 12 months of symptoms onset in approximately 40% of cases2. The therapeutic strategy relies on restoring immunity by withdrawing immunosuppressive medications. The characteristics and prognosis of PML in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) remain poorly studied. Treatments such as PD-1 blockade3, IL-24, or IL-75 have been evaluated, but most studies lack statistical power or are not comparative.