This review evaluates the effectiveness of nutritional supplementation combined with exercise training on frailty characteristics, physical function, and health-related quality of life in patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A systematic search of PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Scopus was conducted, identifying 7 articles (9 trials, 324 patients). Meta-analysis showed that combined interventions improved frailty characteristics, such as walking speed (mean difference: 0.09 m/s, 95% confidence interval (CI): 0.02 to 0.16) and physical functioning, including cardiorespiratory fitness (standardized mean difference: 0.56, 95% CI: 0.20 to 0.93) and lower extremity mobility (Timed Up and Go test: -1.11 s, 95% CI: −1.79 to -0.43).