Hypoxia-inducible factor prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors (HIF-PHIs) may offer an alternative to erythropoiesis-stimulating agents (ESAs) for the treatment of anemia in the setting of chronic kidney disease (CKD). The objective of this study was to investigate the efficacy and safety of conversion from the long-acting ESA methoxy polyethylene glycol-epoetin-ß (MPG-EPO) to the oral HIF-PHI vadadustat 3 times weekly versus maintenance therapy with MPG-EPO.