Compared to other populations, individuals with recent African ancestry have markedly higher incidence rates of kidney failure and faster progression of chronic kidney disease (CKD).1 Transplanted kidneys from deceased donors with recent African ancestry fail more rapidly and African American living kidney donors more often develop kidney failure.2-5 Two coding variants in the apolipoprotein L1 gene (APOL1) contribute to these disparities with autosomal recessive inheritance.6